Yudh Abhyas 2018
U.S. Army, Pacific's Exercise Yudh Abhyas is a regularly-scheduled bilateral exercise hosted by the Indian and U.S. Armies which allows for an exchange of knowledge between the two militaries using a U.N. peacekeeping scenario. Yudh Abhyas has been ongoing since 2004, and is designed to promote cooperation between the two militaries while sharing training, cultural exchanges, and building joint operating skills.
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Yudh Abhyas CCMR/PKSOI Presentations
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Web Page Table of Contents
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1. Protecting CiviliansCivilians have increasingly become the victims of armed conflict. In response, the Security Council the Security Council has made protecting civilians a focus of modern peacekeeping. During the mid-1990s, peacekeepers found themselves deployed in internal conflicts, in which the civilian population frequently became the target of attacks. Missions like UNAMIR in Rwanda and UNPROFOR in the former Yugoslavia were faced with systematic attacks on civilians that peacekeepers were ill-prepared to address. These conflicts, as well as those in Somalia, Sierra Leone and East Timor, witnessed armed groups targeting civilians, including the use of sexual violence as a tactic of war and grave violations of children’s rights.
As a result, the Security Council placed the protection of civilians on its agenda and developed an architecture of resolutions that strengthened the role of peacekeepers to protect. Mandates and rules of engagement were clarified to ensure that peacekeepers had the authority to act. The Council also passed resolutions to establish frameworks to address children in armed conflict and conflict related sexual violence. States always have the primary responsibility to protect their populations. Peacekeepers first role is to support governments to uphold their protection responsibilities through advice, technical and logistical support and capacity building. Peacekeeping missions also seek, through political good offices and mediation, to take a preventive approach to protecting civilians. As a last resort, however, many peacekeepers are authorized to act to physically protect civilians. More than 95% of peacekeepers today are mandated to protect civilians. This includes protecting children and protecting against conflict-related sexual violence.The vast majority of peacekeepers today serve in missions with mandates that prioritize the protection of civilians. The High-level Independent Panel on Peace Operations found that protecting civilians is a core obligation of the whole UN, not only peacekeeping. This work finds its most visible expression, however, in the work of blue helmets. This challenging mandate is often the yardstick by which the international community, and those whom we endeavor to protect, judge our worth as peacekeepers. How do we protect the people affected by a conflict? Modern peacekeeping has a number of tools to support the protection of civilians:
PoC Military Reference Guide (PKSOI) The Protection of Civilians (PoC) Military Reference Guide is a revision of the 2013 version published by the U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute. This version incorporates a modified framework and task set to be compatible with the “Understand-ShapeProtect” approach in recent U.S. military doctrine on PoC. The revision adds annexes on UN and NATO approaches to PoC and provides suggestions for adapting the guide to these contexts. Other new annexes provide suggestions for conducting training on PoC to include an extensive annex with training scenarios. The PoC Military Reference Guide is primarily intended for military commanders and staffs who must consider PoC during armed conflict, multidimensional peace operations, or other military operations, particularly when PoC is an operational or strategic objective. It is designed as a supplement to existing doctrine and other relevant guidance so that military forces can meet their obligations to protect civilians. The reference guide may also be used as a textbook for PoC training. |
2. UN Peacekeeping UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. We have unique strengths, including legitimacy, burden sharing, and an ability to deploy troops and police from around the world, integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to address a range of mandates set by the UN Security Council and General Assembly.
U.S. Contributions to UN Peacekeeping (article) The Cruz Report In December 2017, General dos Santos Cruz issued his report, Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers (otherwise known as the “Cruz report”), which looks at concrete ways to reduce fatalities in UN peacekeeping. Since 1948, more than 3,500 personnel have lost their lives serving in United Nations peace operations with 943 due to acts of violence. During the past four years (2013 – 2017) a consistent increase in peacekeeper fatalities due to violent acts resulted in 195 deaths. The report’s focus is to change the way the United Nations does business in high-security risk peacekeeping operations. The report has deepened the conversation around peacekeeper fatalities, while also reopening questions of whether UN peacekeepers are ready to act decisively in the face of direct attacks. Overview of the United Nations’ Organization for Peace Operations - Peace Operations Estimate (PKSOI) This document is intended as a "101" for the novice. It describes the systems and programs of the UN's peace operations apparatus as it exists today and attempts to capture some of the ongoing discussion for reform. Sector HQ Staff United Nations DDR Resource Centre Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration guidance and information Considerations for Mission Leadership in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Building on the 2008 United Nations Principles and Guidelines or the Capstone Doctrine as it is commonly known, Considerations for Mission Leadership in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations seeks to identify some of the principles and concepts underpinning the core functions of multidimensional peacekeeping. Challenges to UN Credibility Sexual Exploitation and Abuse The United Nations received 70 new allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse across all its entities and implementing partners, between the beginning of April to the end of June in 2018. U.N. Peacekeeping Forces and the Demand for Sex Trafficking (2018) U.N. peacekeeping missions succeed in preventing the resumption of conflict and saving lives. At the same time, a series of sexual exploitation and abuse scandals since the early 2000s has raised concerns about the conduct of peacekeepers. We examine a related, but generally overlooked, potential negative externality of peacekeeping missions: the forced trafficking of sex workers. We argue that U.N. peacekeepers increase demand for sex work and that this demand may be met through human trafficking for forced prostitution. Using data on U.N. peacekeeping missions between 2001 and 2011, we evaluate the effect of a peacekeeper presence on human sex trafficking in and around the host state. We find that the presence of U.N. peacekeeping forces correlates positively with a state being cited as a destination for forced prostitution. This has important implications for the future deployment of peacekeeping forces around the world. Brothels and Barracks (2005) This report examines the links between international peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Kosovo and the trafficking of women and girls following the deployments of those peacekeepers. The report details and provides evidence that although trafficking in persons negatively shapes the security environment of post-conflict regions, both directly and indirectly, the way in which peacekeepers and those supporting them have perceived trafficking has inhibited their ability to respond to the problem. |
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Fundamental #1: Understand Civilian Risks. Military forces must have an understanding of the operational environment, the significant actors, civilian
vulnerabilities and threats to civilians, and dynamics. Military forces must collect and manage information from a variety of sources, share relevant information, and conduct accurate assessments. Chapter 2 discusses the civilian risk variables in the following graphic and also addresses the tasks that support this PoC fundamental. Fundamental #2: Protect Civilians during Operations. In some situations, military forces plan, prepare, and conduct operations specifically to protect civilians. In others, they support the protection of civilians with offensive, defensive, and stability activities that may primarily be conducted for other purposes besides civilian protection. The military force may employ a combination of seven different PoC operational approaches, including Area Security, Clear-Hold-Build, Separation, Safe Areas, Partner Enabling, Containment, and Defeat Adversaries. Routine military functions such as command and control, patrolling, logistics, and force protection can all have a significant impact upon the protection of civilians. It is important for military forces to “mainstream" POC considerations into their planning and operations and to anticipate unintended consequences. These and other related tasks are discussed in Chapter 3. Fundamental #3: Shape a Protective Environment. PoC requires more than the effective performance of military tasks that protect civilians in the short term. Lasting PoC also depends on the creation of a surrounding environment that supports civilian well-being, addresses the root causes of conflict, and mitigates grievances that could generate renewed fighting which threatens civilians. Nonmilitary actors will often have primary responsibility and capability for many of the tasks that support a protective environment, such as fostering good governance, the rule of law, social well-being, and a sustainable economy. Military forces may support these efforts by contributing to a safe and secure environment that provides sufficient “space” for other actors. Military forces must coordinate effectively with these other actors, key leaders, and the local population, with information activities that support these efforts and advance the protection of civilians. Military forces may also be involved in essential programs such as security sector reform (SSR), disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR), and other capacity-building efforts to build host-state capacity and improve the environment so that lasting PoC can be achieved. |
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Protection of Civilians 3-45 Framework (Understand - Protect - Shape)
Mass Atrocity Response Operations (MARO) 2010
The Mass Atrocity Response Operations (MARO) Project seeks to enable the United States and the international community to stop genocide and mass atrocity as part of a broader integrated strategy by explaining key relevant military concepts and planning considerations. The MARO Project is based on the insight that the failure to act in the face of mass killings of civilians is not simply a function of political will or legal authority; the failure also reflects a lack of thinking about how military forces might respond. States and regional and international organizations must better understand and prepare for the unique operational and moral challenges that military forces would face in a MARO.
Mass Atrocity Prevention & Response Operations (MAPRO) 2012
This Handbook is designed to be a reference for policy makers to monitor, prevent, and if necessary respond to genocide and other mass atrocity situations. It addresses topics promulgated in the August 2011 Presidential Study Directive on Mass Atrocities (PSD-10) as well as recommendations contained in Preventing Genocide, the 2008 study published by the Genocide Prevention Task Force (GPTF).
Preparing to Prevent: CRSV Mitigation 2014
This handbook was developed by PKSOI at the U.S. Army War College in Sept, 2014 - a product of the U.S. AFRICOM conference on Women, Peace, and Security. The handbook contains training scenarios to help military leaders and trainers address conflict-related sexual violence in the context of peacekeeping missions. It begins with an overview of conflict-related sexual violence, then provides situational information as background for the eight training scenarios. Users of this document are encouraged to modify the material as appropriate to support their particular training requirements.
The Mass Atrocity Response Operations (MARO) Project seeks to enable the United States and the international community to stop genocide and mass atrocity as part of a broader integrated strategy by explaining key relevant military concepts and planning considerations. The MARO Project is based on the insight that the failure to act in the face of mass killings of civilians is not simply a function of political will or legal authority; the failure also reflects a lack of thinking about how military forces might respond. States and regional and international organizations must better understand and prepare for the unique operational and moral challenges that military forces would face in a MARO.
Mass Atrocity Prevention & Response Operations (MAPRO) 2012
This Handbook is designed to be a reference for policy makers to monitor, prevent, and if necessary respond to genocide and other mass atrocity situations. It addresses topics promulgated in the August 2011 Presidential Study Directive on Mass Atrocities (PSD-10) as well as recommendations contained in Preventing Genocide, the 2008 study published by the Genocide Prevention Task Force (GPTF).
Preparing to Prevent: CRSV Mitigation 2014
This handbook was developed by PKSOI at the U.S. Army War College in Sept, 2014 - a product of the U.S. AFRICOM conference on Women, Peace, and Security. The handbook contains training scenarios to help military leaders and trainers address conflict-related sexual violence in the context of peacekeeping missions. It begins with an overview of conflict-related sexual violence, then provides situational information as background for the eight training scenarios. Users of this document are encouraged to modify the material as appropriate to support their particular training requirements.
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3. Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) - UNSCR 1325
"DoD has committed to Congress, the taxpayers, the international community, and our own service members that we will support inclusive security in our operations and missions. We are not just talking about women and girls – we’re talking about men and boys and other populations, and I think we have a wonderful opportunity to increase security and promote mission effectiveness by looking at inclusive opportunities."
UNSCR 1325: A Strategic Opportunity
Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) is an internationally recognized term that includes protective and participatory dimensions and addresses the disproportionate and unique impact of conflict on women. Sexual violence, and other gender-based violence, frequently occurs during conflict and in fragile societies. It is usually, but not always, directed against women and girls. The protective dimension mitigates harm, exploitation, discrimination, abuse, conflict-related sexual violence, and human trafficking, while holding perpetrators accountable. This protective dimension also addresses access to HA, relief, and recovery and protection of human rights. Human trafficking and sexual exploitation and abuse are particularly damaging when conducted by personnel in peace operations.
When appropriate, peace operations should integrate the following five objectives from the United States National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security:
- National Integration and Institutionalization. Peace operations should contribute to gender-responsive policies in conflict-affected environments and support the integration of women into HN positions of responsibility.
- Participation in Peace building and Decision Making. Peace operations support prospects for an inclusive, just, and sustainable peace by promoting and strengthening women’s rights, effective leadership, and substantive participation in peace processes, conflict prevention, peace building, transitional processes, and decision-making institutions in conflict-affected environments.
- Protection from Violence. Peace operations should protect women and children from harm, exploitation, discrimination and abuse, including sexual and gender-based violence and trafficking in persons, and hold perpetrators accountable in conflict-affected environments.
- Conflict Prevention. Peace operations support the promotion of women’s roles in conflict prevention; improve conflict early-warning and response systems through the integration of gender perspectives; and assist efforts to invest in women’s and girls’ health, education, and economic opportunity to create conditions for stable societies and lasting peace.
- Access to Relief and Recovery. Peace operations support the distinct needs of women and children in conflict-affected disasters and crises. This includes ensuring safe, equitable access to HA.
SOLLIMS Samplers
Operationalizing WPS
In light of the Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017 which was signed into law in the United States in October, this Sampler addresses two important questions: "Why is WPS relevant to the security sector?" & "How can WPS be operationalized across the spectrum of conflict?" Lessons are featured from Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.
Inclusive Peacebuilding: Working with Communities
Peacebuilding efforts cannot succeed without the ownership of local stakeholders, but local perspectives are at times obscured at international/national levels. As such, this Sampler emphasizes the importance of consulting local communities to build sustainable peace. Lessons focus on practical methods to work inclusively with local communities and institutions around the world, demonstrating a variety of effective tools and techniques to prevent and transform violent conflict.
Complexities and Efficiencies in Peacekeeping Operations
This Sampler provides a selection of lessons covering certain complexities & challenges of peacekeeping operations, including: protecting peacekeepers, reducing violence, optimizing robustness, conducting strategic communications, advancing inclusive mediation, managing transitions, and improving environmental impacts. Along with the lessons, this document also provides annexes with additional insights and resources on peacekeeping.
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4. Additional Training Resources
Centre for Military Ethics
At the heart of the thinking behind Centre for Military Ethics is the determination to provide an open access, free, quality, research led online resource that can be used by anyone, anywhere, to foster ethical awareness and help promote effective ethical decision making in military environments.
At the heart of the thinking behind Centre for Military Ethics is the determination to provide an open access, free, quality, research led online resource that can be used by anyone, anywhere, to foster ethical awareness and help promote effective ethical decision making in military environments.
Peace Operations Training Institute (POTI)
The Peace Operations Training Institute is dedicated to providing globally accessible and affordable distance learning courses on peace support, humanitarian relief, and security operations to men and women working to promote peace worldwide.The Peace Operations Training Institute is a 501(c)(3) public charity based in the United States of America. POTI is an independent not-for-profit organization. Students may demonstrate their expertise in Military Studies, Police Studies, Civilian Service, Gender Awareness, Logistical Support, and/or Human Rights by earning a Peace Operations Specialized Training (POST) Certificate. The following guides are abbreviated course materials. Full course materials may be available at a reduced cost or free to military personnel.
The Peace Operations Training Institute is dedicated to providing globally accessible and affordable distance learning courses on peace support, humanitarian relief, and security operations to men and women working to promote peace worldwide.The Peace Operations Training Institute is a 501(c)(3) public charity based in the United States of America. POTI is an independent not-for-profit organization. Students may demonstrate their expertise in Military Studies, Police Studies, Civilian Service, Gender Awareness, Logistical Support, and/or Human Rights by earning a Peace Operations Specialized Training (POST) Certificate. The following guides are abbreviated course materials. Full course materials may be available at a reduced cost or free to military personnel.
- Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) The transition from civil war to sustainable peace is a difficult one. Successful disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of ex-combatants is essential for this transition. While the objectives of DDR are broad, it must be carefully planned and executed to enhance security, support development, reduce government expenditures, and remove impediments to democracy. DDR should be viewed as a holistic process, not discreet steps. The success of any programme to support DDR is closely linked to the political, economic, and security situation of the country where it occurs.
- Protection of Civilians With violence increasing around the globe, the protection of civilians has become a cornerstone of United Nations peacekeeping mandates. The 2016 edition of Protection of Civilians explores the history of POC, its application in current events, and practical options for consideration for those undertaking this task. The course begins by exploring the POC concept and its legal basis in UN peacekeeping operations. Later lessons explore traditional and new threats to civilians, including extremist groups like ISIL/ISIS, sexual violence in armed conflict, and the protection of children.
- Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission This course introduces the purpose and principles of the United Nations, its institutional framework, and its active leadership role in the global pursuit for peace, security, and development. The legal foundations of the Organization are discussed, as well as applications of international humanitarian law, human rights, and the protection of civilians. Practical field techniques for communication, negotiation, and mediation as well as the general obligations and responsibilities of UN field personnel are also presented. Subject matter and objectives for this course are based on UN policy, doctrine, and related resources.
- Principles and Guidelines for UN Peacekeeping Operations This course has been developed in consultation with the Peacekeeping Best Practices Section of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations’ Policy, Evaluation and Training Division. It is based on the internal DPKO/DFS publication entitled United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, which is more widely known under its informal name Capstone Doctrine. This publication is a comprehensive document that defines and promulgates available peacekeeping doctrine, definitions, procedures, and policy.
- Core Pre-deployment Training Materials The Core Pre-deployment Training Materials (CPTMs) were designed by the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) to provide the common and essential training required for all personnel – military, police, and civilian – who serve on UN peacekeeping missions. DISCLAIMER: This course does not include the 2017 United Nations CPTM update.
- Implementation of the UN Security Council Resolutions on the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda in Africa In October 2000, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security - a turning point in understanding and recognizing the role of women and girls in addressing the issues of peace and security. Resolution 1325 makes the promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment an international peace and security concern relevant to negotiating peace agreements, planning refugee and Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps and peacekeeping operations, and reconstructing war-ravaged societies.
- Civil-Military Coordination in Peace Operations Civil-military coordination is the dialogue and interface among the military, civilian, and police components of a peace operation regarding political, security, humanitarian, developmental, and other areas to attain larger, more strategic political goals. This course overviews the theory and practice of civil-military coordination within the full spectrum of peace operations.
- Humanitarian Relief Operations Each disaster or emergency is different, and so is each humanitarian relief operation. Understanding the dynamics of a disaster and all the actors involved is essential to provide adequate assistance to the affected population and government.
5. India - Country Information
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CIA World Factbook
Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth following the launch of economic reforms in 1991 and a massive youthful population are driving India's emergence as a regional and global power. Indian Contributions to UN Peacekeeping (Current) Indian Contributions to UN Peacekeeping (Historic) India stands committed to assisting the United Nations’ common goal for international peace and security. The country has contributed more troops than any other country over the 70-year history of UN peacekeeping. Currently, about 7,000 Indian troops are deployed in 10 UN peacekeeping missions around the world. United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) The first group of United Nations military observers arrived in the mission area on 24 January of 1949 to supervise the ceasefire between India and Pakistan in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. These observers, under the command of the Military Adviser appointed by the UN Secretary-General, formed the nucleus of the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP). |
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Background Reading
The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty: Delhi, 1857
In this evocative study of the fall of the Mughal Empire and the beginning of the Raj, award-winning historian William Dalrymple uses previously undiscovered sources to investigate a pivotal moment in history.
The last Mughal emperor, Zafar, came to the throne when the political power of the Mughals was already in steep decline. Nonetheless, Zafar—a mystic, poet, and calligrapher of great accomplishment—created a court of unparalleled brilliance, and gave rise to perhaps the greatest literary renaissance in modern Indian history. All the while, the British were progressively taking over the Emperor's power. When, in May 1857, Zafar was declared the leader of an uprising against the British, he was powerless to resist though he strongly suspected that the action was doomed. Four months later, the British took Delhi, the capital, with catastrophic results. With an unsurpassed understanding of British and Indian history, Dalrymple crafts a provocative, revelatory account of one the bloodiest upheavals in history.
Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond
On March 29, 1849, the ten-year-old leader of the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab was ushered into the magnificent Mirrored Hall at the center of the British fort in Lahore, India. There, in a formal Act of Submission, the frightened but dignified child handed over to the British East India Company swathes of the richest land in India and the single most valuable object in the subcontinent: the celebrated Koh-i-Noor diamond, otherwise known as the Mountain of Light. To celebrate the acquisition, the British East India Company commissioned a history of the diamond woven together from the gossip of the Delhi Bazaars. From that moment forward, the Koh-i-Noor became the most famous and mythological diamond in history, with thousands of people coming to see it at the 1851 Great Exhibition and still more thousands repeating the largely fictitious account of its passage through history.
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WPS in India
Indian women continue to struggle against discriminatory social norms and traditions that are the roots of gender-based violence, honour-killings, dowry-related deaths, and female infanticide and feticide. Laws prohibiting child marriage, pre-natal sex-selection tests, and dowries are often not enforced, while laws excluding women from inheriting property continue to exist. India has a long-standing dispute with Pakistan over the region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of two out of the three wars between the two countries since 1947. India is a nuclear-armed state. India ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1993 and is ranked 108 out of 144 listed countries in the 2017 Global Gender Gap Index (GGI). In October 2017, India participated in the October Open Debate and gave a statement committing to fulfil the pledge to have women serve in 15 per cent of military observer positions by the end of this year. India has also committed to provide another all-female formed police unit. In 2017, India spent $ 63.9 billion on its military. Women activists continue to advocate across ethnic and religious lines to empower women economically and politically and eliminate gender discrimination within society. |
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Videos
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.
Buddha and Ashoka: Crash Course World History #6
In which John relates a condensed history of India, post-Indus Valley Civilization. John explores Hinduism and the origins of Buddhism. He also gets into the reign of Ashoka, the Buddhist emperor who, in spite of Buddhism's structural disapproval of violence, managed to win a bunch of battles.
Imperialism: Crash Course World History #35
In which John Green teaches you about European Imperialism in the 19th century. European powers started to create colonial empires way back in the 16th century, but businesses really took off in the 19th century, especially in Asia and Africa. During the 1800s, European powers carved out spheres of influence in China, India, and pretty much all of Africa. While all of the major (and some minor) powers in Europe participated in this new imperialism, England was by far the most dominant, once able to claim that the "sun never set on the British Empire." Also, they went to war for the right to continue to sell opium to the people of China. Twice. John will teach you how these empires managed to leverage the advances of the Industrial Revolution to build vast, wealth-generating empires. As it turns out, improved medicine, steam engines, and better guns were crucial in the 19th century conquests. Also, the willingness to exploit and abuse the people and resources of so-called "primitive" nations was very helpful in the whole enterprise.
Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant: Crash Course World History #40
In which John Green teaches you about the post-World War II breakup of most of the European empires. As you'll remember from previous installments of Crash Course, Europeans spent several centuries sailing around the world creating empires, despite the fact that most of the places they conquered were perfectly happy to carry on alone. After World War II, most of these empires collapsed. This is the story of those collapses. In most places, the end of empire was not orderly, and violence often ensued. While India was a (sort of) shining example of non-violent change, in places like The Congo, Egypt, Rwanda, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, things didn't go smoothly at all.
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.
Buddha and Ashoka: Crash Course World History #6
In which John relates a condensed history of India, post-Indus Valley Civilization. John explores Hinduism and the origins of Buddhism. He also gets into the reign of Ashoka, the Buddhist emperor who, in spite of Buddhism's structural disapproval of violence, managed to win a bunch of battles.
Imperialism: Crash Course World History #35
In which John Green teaches you about European Imperialism in the 19th century. European powers started to create colonial empires way back in the 16th century, but businesses really took off in the 19th century, especially in Asia and Africa. During the 1800s, European powers carved out spheres of influence in China, India, and pretty much all of Africa. While all of the major (and some minor) powers in Europe participated in this new imperialism, England was by far the most dominant, once able to claim that the "sun never set on the British Empire." Also, they went to war for the right to continue to sell opium to the people of China. Twice. John will teach you how these empires managed to leverage the advances of the Industrial Revolution to build vast, wealth-generating empires. As it turns out, improved medicine, steam engines, and better guns were crucial in the 19th century conquests. Also, the willingness to exploit and abuse the people and resources of so-called "primitive" nations was very helpful in the whole enterprise.
Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant: Crash Course World History #40
In which John Green teaches you about the post-World War II breakup of most of the European empires. As you'll remember from previous installments of Crash Course, Europeans spent several centuries sailing around the world creating empires, despite the fact that most of the places they conquered were perfectly happy to carry on alone. After World War II, most of these empires collapsed. This is the story of those collapses. In most places, the end of empire was not orderly, and violence often ensued. While India was a (sort of) shining example of non-violent change, in places like The Congo, Egypt, Rwanda, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, things didn't go smoothly at all.
6. Scenario
The Somali Project (documentary)
“The Somali Project” profiles the precarious, real-life story of the Puntland Maritime Police Force, a shadowy group of pirate hunters.
Piracy and the Experience of Somali Women (article)
Somalia Report (website)
U.S. Forces Expeditionary Field Guide - Somalia
PKSOI African Union Mission to Somalia (and related UN Missions) Estimate POET (Peace Operations Estimate) (updated 25 April 2018)
“The Somali Project” profiles the precarious, real-life story of the Puntland Maritime Police Force, a shadowy group of pirate hunters.
Piracy and the Experience of Somali Women (article)
Somalia Report (website)
U.S. Forces Expeditionary Field Guide - Somalia
PKSOI African Union Mission to Somalia (and related UN Missions) Estimate POET (Peace Operations Estimate) (updated 25 April 2018)
- African Union Mission in Somalia
- United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia
